There is no doubt that explicitation is a frequent operation in translation. Under this view all kinds of explicitation would involve addition, and it would indeed be synonymous with addition. This paper will argue the nature of explicitation as a translation strategy and provides insights into the nature of the phenomenon. Also it aims to see how text- type focus informs the translator's decision- making in actual practice. To this end, a contrastive and exploratory analysis of OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS in English and Persian was conducted. For comparison the research is based on 20 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS compiled from products and their translations. In order to maintain a certain balance, the sample texts included OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS belonging to different products (household appliances, electronic devices and others). This study focuses on texts relating mostly to consumer goods.

Objectives Child labor is an important phenomenon affecting global health. However, studies concerning the oral and dental health of child laborers are limited. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of oral hygiene INSTRUCTIONS in a group of child laborers under the protection of a charity. Method In this cross-sectional interventional study, the sociodemographic information and the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) scores of a group of working children were collected. Oral hygiene tools were provided for the children, and proper INSTRUCTIONS were given to them. After three months, the plaque index and the reasons for its non-reduction were gathered. Descriptive indices were calculated for data presentation. Results A total of 79 child laborers (mean age, 11. 8±, 1. 29 years), including 30 females and 49 males, were evaluated in this study. Based on the results, 51 (64. 6%) children had used a toothbrush at least once before the study. Three months after giving the oral health INSTRUCTIONS and providing the oral hygiene tools, 12 children were removed from the study due to a lack of follow-up. Of the remaining 67 children, 34 had brushed their teeth at least once (64. 7%) or twice (35. 2%) a day. The OHI-S score reduction was statistically significant (P=0. 013). Conclusion According to the results, instructing working children on oral health and providing them with proper oral hygiene tools, such as toothbrush, toothpaste, and dental floss, could be effective in improving their oral health and could enhance their cooperation significantly.

The new theological questions are the questions which were paid less attentions in the traditional Muslim theology. They have mainly entered Muslim world under the influence of ideological development in Christian world. Parts of these thoughts entered Iranian scientific spheres after the victory of Islamic Revolution and establishment of religious government. Having a glance at the process of stabilization of Christian INSTRUCTIONS, this article tries to prove that a large part of theological doubts and their replies have a root in the basis of Christian thoughts brought about by Paul in the first century. So most of the so-called new theological questions, indeed are the ones that have always challenged Christian scholars. Putting aside of religion from social life and separating of holiness from the life of human and even from religion itself, is the method offered by western to answer these challenges. Historical evidence shows that both the questions and doubts as well as the answers to them have a deep root in religion and thoughts found by Paul and related to Jesus Christ.

Bahmannameh, by the sage Iranshah Ibne Abelkheir, is one of the epics of the late fifth century A.H. which concerns about the life of Bahman, Esfandiyar’s son, and his battles with the Rostam’s family. Bahmannameh is one of those books which have been composed by imitating Ferdosi’s Shahnameh and we can consider its poet as one of the most successful followers of Ferdosi. One of the prominent features of this book is its moral and motto INSTRUCTIONS which are noticed by every reader. Iranshah Ibne Abelkheir, like the other poets of epic stories, has had a full familiarity with the Islamic and Iranian beliefs and learnings and one can see the reflection of these thoughts, clearly, in the moral and motto INSTRUCTIONS of Bahmannameh. In this search, we have tried to explore the Islamic and Iranian roots of those INSTRUCTIONS, as well as express them.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of attentional focus INSTRUCTIONS on spatial memory in children. Thirty girl students with the mean age from 7 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling from elementary schools in Tehran. Participants were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups (internal, external, control). Participants in the internal focus group were asked to focus their attention on the movements of their hand, whereas participants in the external focus group were asked to focus their attention to the movement path and target. Control group participants received no focus INSTRUCTIONS. Children participated in the practice (a total of 50 trials), acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. Acquisition phase lasted five consecutive days. The instrument used for measuring spatial memory was linear movement apparatus (LM-01 model). Analysis of Covariance and Bonferoni tests were used at p <0. 05 level. The results of Covariance were significant in all acquisition (p=0/005), retention (p=0/000) and transfer (p=0/003) tests. Based on Bonferroni test results, external focus group performed better than both internal focus and control groups. However, internal focus and control groups had no significant difference. According to the results of this study, the benefits of external focus on children was higher than internal focus.